Alexis de Tocqueville

French Scientist
Alexis de Tocqueville was a prominent French political thinker and historian who is best known for his works 'Democracy in America' and 'The Old Regime and the Revolution.' He analyzed the social and political conditions of individuals in Western societies and played an active role in French politics during the 19th century.

About Alexis de Tocqueville

Alexis Charles Henri Clerel, comte de Tocqueville (29 July 1805 – 16 April 1859), was a French aristocrat, diplomat, sociologist, political scientist, political philosopher, and historian. He is best known for his works Democracy in America (appearing in two volumes, 1835 and 1840) and The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856). In both, he analyzed the living standards and social conditions of individuals as well as their relationship to the market and state in Western societies. Democracy in America was published after Tocqueville’s travels in the United States and is today considered an early work of sociology and political science.

Tocqueville was active in French politics, first under the July Monarchy (1830-1848) and then during the Second Republic (1849-1851) which succeeded the February 1848 Revolution. He retired from political life after Louis Napoleon Bonaparte’s 2 December 1851 coup and thereafter began work on The Old Regime and the Revolution. Tocqueville argued the importance of the French Revolution was to continue the process of modernizing and centralizing the French state which had begun under King Louis XIV. He believed the failure of the Revolution came from the inexperience of the deputies who were too wedded to abstract Enlightenment ideals.

Tocqueville was a classical liberal who advocated parliamentary government and was skeptical of the extremes of majoritarianism. During his time in parliament, he was first a member of the centre-left before moving to the centre-right, and the complex and restless nature of his liberalism has led to contrasting interpretations and admirers across the political spectrum.

Get to know Alexis de Tocqueville better

Frequently asked questions about Alexis de Tocqueville

Alexis de Tocqueville was a French aristocrat, diplomat, sociologist, political scientist, political philosopher, and historian who lived in the 19th century.

Alexis de Tocqueville’s two most well-known works were ‘Democracy in America’ and ‘The Old Regime and the Revolution’.

Alexis de Tocqueville analyzed the living standards, social conditions, and the relationship between individuals, the market, and the state in Western societies.

Alexis de Tocqueville was active in French politics, first under the July Monarchy and then during the Second Republic, before retiring from political life after the 1851 coup.

Alexis de Tocqueville was a classical liberal who advocated parliamentary government and was skeptical of the extremes of majoritarianism, moving from the centre-left to the centre-right during his time in parliament.

Alexis de Tocqueville argued that the importance of the French Revolution was to continue the process of modernizing and centralizing the French state, but he believed the Revolution failed due to the inexperience of the deputies who were too wedded to abstract Enlightenment ideals.

Alexis de Tocqueville’s work ‘Democracy in America’ is considered an early work of sociology and political science, as it analyzed the living standards and social conditions of individuals in relation to the market and state.

Quotes by Alexis de Tocqueville

A democratic government is the only one in which those who vote for a tax can escape the obligation to pay it.

Alexis de Tocqueville

All those who seek to destroy the liberties of a democratic nation ought to know that war is the surest and shortest means to accomplish it.

Alexis de Tocqueville

Americans are so enamored of equality that they would rather be equal in slavery than unequal in freedom.

Alexis de Tocqueville

An American cannot converse, but he can discuss, and his talk falls into a dissertation. He speaks to you as if he was addressing a meeting; and if he should chance to become warm in the discussion, he will say “Gentlemen” to the person with whom he is conversing.

Alexis de Tocqueville

As one digs deeper into the national character of the Americans, one sees that they have sought the value of everything in this world only in the answer to this single question: how much money will it bring in?

Alexis de Tocqueville

Consider any individual at any period of his life, and you will always find him preoccupied with fresh plans to increase his comfort.

Alexis de Tocqueville

Democracy and socialism have nothing in common but one word, equality. But notice the difference: while democracy seeks equality in liberty, socialism seeks equality in restraint and servitude.

Alexis de Tocqueville

Grant me thirty years of equal division of inheritances and a free press, and I will provide you with a republic.

Alexis de Tocqueville

He was as great as a man can be without morality.

Alexis de Tocqueville

History is a gallery of pictures in which there are few originals and many copies.

Alexis de Tocqueville

I cannot help fearing that men may reach a point where they look on every new theory as a danger, every innovation as a toilsome trouble, every social advance as a first step toward revolution, and that they may absolutely refuse to move at all.

Alexis de Tocqueville

I know of no country in which there is so little independence of mind and real freedom of discussion as in America.

Alexis de Tocqueville

In a revolution, as in a novel, the most difficult part to invent is the end.

Alexis de Tocqueville

In America the majority raises formidable barriers around the liberty of opinion; within these barriers an author may write what he pleases, but woe to him if he goes beyond them.

Alexis de Tocqueville

In no other country in the world is the love of property keener or more alert than in the United States, and nowhere else does the majority display less inclination toward doctrines which in any way threaten the way property is owned.

Alexis de Tocqueville

In other words, a democratic government is the only one in which those who vote for a tax can escape the obligation to pay it.

Alexis de Tocqueville

In politics shared hatreds are almost always the basis of friendships.

Alexis de Tocqueville

In the United States, the majority undertakes to supply a multitude of ready-made opinions for the use of individuals, who are thus relieved from the necessity of forming opinions of their own.

Alexis de Tocqueville

It is the dissimilarities and inequalities among men which give rise to the notion of honor; as such differences become less, it grows feeble; and when they disappear, it will vanish too.

Alexis de Tocqueville

Liberty cannot be established without morality, nor morality without faith.

Alexis de Tocqueville

Life is to entered upon with courage.

Alexis de Tocqueville

No protracted war can fail to endanger the freedom of a democratic country.

Alexis de Tocqueville

Nothing seems at first sight less important than the outward form of human actions, yet there is nothing upon which men set more store: they grow used to everything except to living in a society which has not their own manners.

Alexis de Tocqueville

The American Republic will endure until the day Congress discovers that it can bribe the public with the public’s money.

Alexis de Tocqueville

The Americans combine the notions of religion and liberty so intimately in their minds, that it is impossible to make them conceive of one without the other.

Alexis de Tocqueville

The debates of that great assembly are frequently vague and perplexed, seeming to be dragged rather than to march, to the intended goal. Something of this sort must, I think, always happen in public democratic assemblies.

Alexis de Tocqueville

The French want no-one to be their superior. The English want inferiors. The Frenchman constantly raises his eyes above him with anxiety. The Englishman lowers his beneath him with satisfaction.

Alexis de Tocqueville

The genius of democracies is seen not only in the great number of new words introduced but even more in the new ideas they express.

Alexis de Tocqueville

The greatness of America lies not in being more enlightened than any other nation, but rather in her ability to repair her faults.

Alexis de Tocqueville

The health of a democratic society may be measured by the quality of functions performed by private citizens.

Alexis de Tocqueville

The Indian knew how to live without wants, to suffer without complaint, and to die singing.

Alexis de Tocqueville

The main business of religions is to purify, control, and restrain that excessive and exclusive taste for well-being which men acquire in times of equality.

Alexis de Tocqueville

The power of the periodical press is second only to that of the people.

Alexis de Tocqueville

The surface of American society is covered with a layer of democratic paint, but from time to time one can see the old aristocratic colours breaking through.

Alexis de Tocqueville

The whole life of an American is passed like a game of chance, a revolutionary crisis, or a battle.

Alexis de Tocqueville

There are many men of principle in both parties in America, but there is no party of principle.

Alexis de Tocqueville

There are two things which a democratic people will always find very difficult – to begin a war and to end it.

Alexis de Tocqueville

There is hardly a pioneer’s hut which does not contain a few odd volumes of Shakespeare. I remember reading the feudal drama of Henry V for the first time in a log cabin.

Alexis de Tocqueville

There is hardly a political question in the United States which does not sooner or later turn into a judicial one.

Alexis de Tocqueville

Those that despise people will never get the best out of others and themselves.

Alexis de Tocqueville

We succeed in enterprises which demand the positive qualities we possess, but we excel in those which can also make use of our defects.

Alexis de Tocqueville

What is most important for democracy is not that great fortunes should not exist, but that great fortunes should not remain in the same hands. In that way there are rich men, but they do not form a class.

Alexis de Tocqueville

When the past no longer illuminates the future, the spirit walks in darkness.

Alexis de Tocqueville