Elihu Root

American politician (1845-1937)

Elihu Rootwas an American lawyer, Republican politician, and statesman who served as the 41st United States Secretary of War under presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt and the 38th United States Secretary of State under Roosevelt. In both positions as well as a long legal career, he pioneered the American practice of international law.

Table of Contents

Family Info

Siblings

Oren Root Jr.

Edward Walstein Root

Spouses

Clara Frances Wales

Children

Edith Root

Elihu Root, Jr.

Edward Wales Root

About the Elihu Root

Elihu Rootwas an American lawyer, Republican politician, and statesman who served as the 41st United States Secretary of War under presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt and the 38th United States Secretary of State under Roosevelt. In both positions as well as a long legal career, he pioneered the American practice of international law. Root is sometimes considered the prototype of the 20th-century political “wise man”, advising presidents on a range of foreign and domestic issues. He also served as a United States Senator from New York and received the 1912 Nobel Peace Prize.

Root was a leading New York City lawyer who moved frequently between high-level appointed government positions in Washington, D.C., and private-sector legal practice in New York. He headed organizations such as the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the American Society of International Law.

As Secretary of War from 1899 to 1904, Root administered colonial possessions won in the Spanish-American War. Root favored a paternalistic approach to colonial administration, emphasizing technology, engineering, and disinterested public service. He helped craft the Foraker Act of 1900, the Platt Amendment of 1901, and the Philippine Organic Act (1902). Root also modernized the Army into a professional military apparatus with a general staff, restructured the National Guard, and established the U.S. Army War College.

Root returned to the Roosevelt administration as Secretary of State from 1905 to 1909. He modernized the consular service by minimizing patronage, maintained the Open Door Policy in China, promoted friendly relations with Latin America, and resolved frictions with Japan over the immigration and treatment of Japanese citizens to the West Coast of the United States. He negotiated 24 bilateral international arbitration treaties, which led to the creation of the Permanent Court of International Justice.

As a United States Senator from New York, Root was a conservative supporter of President William Howard Taft, playing a central role in Taft’s nomination to a second term at the 1912 Republican National Convention. By 1916, he was a leading proponent of military preparedness with the expectation that the United States would enter World War I. President Woodrow Wilson sent him to Russia in 1917 in an unsuccessful effort to establish an alliance with the new revolutionary government that had replaced the Czar. Root supported Wilson’s vision of the League of Nations but with reservations along the lines proposed by Republican senator Henry Cabot Lodge.

29 Quotes by Elihu Root

  1. 1.

    The mere assemblage of peace loving people to interchange convincing reasons for their common faith, mere exhortation and argument to the public in favor of peace in general fall short of the mark.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  2. 2.

    There is so much of good in human nature that men grow to like each other upon better acquaintance, and this points to another way in which we may strive to promote the peace of the world.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  3. 3.

    Cruelty to men and to the lower animals as well, which would have passed unnoticed a century ago, now shocks the sensibilities and is regarded as wicked and degrading.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  4. 4.

    The popular tendency is to listen approvingly to the most extreme statements and claims of politicians and orators who seek popularity by declaring their own country right in everything and other countries wrong in everything.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  5. 5.

    Human life is held in much higher esteem, and the taking of it, whether in private quarrel or by judicial procedure, is looked upon much more seriously than it was formerly.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  6. 6.

    Men do not fail; they give up trying.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  7. 7.

    The line of least resistance in the progress of civilization is to make that theoretical postulate real by the continually increasing force of the world’s public opinion.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  8. 8.

    Prejudice and passion and suspicion are more dangerous than the incitement of self-interest or the most stubborn adherence to real differences of opinion regarding rights.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  9. 9.

    To deal with the true causes of war one must begin by recognizing as of prime relevancy to the solution of the problem the familiar fact that civilization is a partial, incomplete, and, to a great extent, superficial modification of barbarism.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  10. 10.

    It is not uncommon in modern times to see governments straining every nerve to keep the peace, and the people whom they represent, with patriotic enthusiasm and resentment over real or fancied wrongs, urging them forward to war.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  11. 11.

    The law of the survival of the fittest led inevitably to the survival and predominance of the men who were effective in war and who loved it because they were effective.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  12. 12.

    The attractive idea that we can now have a parliament of man with authority to control the conduct of nations by legislation or an international police force with power to enforce national conformity to rules of right conduct is a counsel of perfection.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  13. 13.

    Secretary of War Stanton used to get out of patience with Lincoln because he was all the time pardoning men who ought to be shot.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  14. 14.

    No nation now sets forth to despoil another upon the avowed ground that it desires the spoils.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  15. 15.

    The limitation upon this mode of promoting peace lies in the fact that it consists in an appeal to the civilized side of man, while war is the product of forces proceeding from man’s original savage nature.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  16. 16.

    The point of departure of the process to which we wish to contribute is the fact that war is the natural reaction of human nature in the savage state, while peace is the result of acquired characteristics.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  17. 17.

    Gradually, everything that happens in the world is coming to be of interest everywhere in the world, and, gradually, thoughtful men and women everywhere are sitting in judgment upon the conduct of all nations.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  18. 18.

    Claims of right and insistence upon obligations may depend upon treaty stipulations, or upon the rules of international law, or upon the sense of natural justice applied to the circumstances of a particular case, or upon disputed facts.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  19. 19.

    The growth of modern constitutional government compels for its successful practice the exercise of reason and considerate judgment by the individual citizens who constitute the electorate.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  20. 20.

    Nobody knows through how many thousands of years fighting men have made a place for themselves while the weak and peaceable have gone to the wall.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  21. 21.

    The methods of peace propaganda which aim at establishing peace doctrine by argument and by creating a feeling favorable to peace in general seem to fall short of reaching the springs of human action and of dealing with the causes of the conduct which they seek to modify.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  22. 22.

    Honest people, mistakenly believing in the justice of their cause, are led to support injustice.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  23. 23.

    The theoretical postulate of all diplomatic discussion between nations is the assumed willingness of every nation to do justice.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  24. 24.

    War was forced upon mankind in his original civil and social condition.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  25. 25.

    The wolf always charges the lamb with muddying the stream.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  26. 26.

    Human nature must have come much nearer perfection than it is now, or will be in many generations, to exclude from such a control prejudice, selfishness, ambition, and injustice.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  27. 27.

    Nothing is more important in the preservation of peace than to secure among the great mass of the people living under constitutional government a just conception of the rights which their nation has against others and of the duties their nation owes to others.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  28. 28.

    It is to be observed that every case of war averted is a gain in general, for it helps to form a habit of peace, and community habits long continued become standards of conduct.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)

  29. 29.

    In the first place, when there is a policy of intentional aggression, inspired by a desire to get possession of the territory or the trade of another country, right or wrong, a pretext is always sought.

    Elihu Root

    American politician (1845-1937)