Now the identification of individual sounds by phonetic observation is an artificial way of proceeding.

Every linguistic sign is located on two axes: the axis of simultaneity and that of succession.

For example, the opposition between acute and grave phonemes has the capacity to suggest an image of bright and dark, of pointed and rounded, of thin and thick, of light and heavy, etc.

Acoustic phonetics, which is developing and increasing in richness very rapidly, already enables us to solve many of the mysteries of sound, mysteries which motor phonetics could not even begin to solve.

In poetic language, in which the sign as such takes on an autonomous value, this sound symbolism becomes an actual factor and creates a sort of accompaniment to the signified.

It is once again the vexing problem of identity within variety; without a solution to this disturbing problem there can be no system, no classification.

Instead of following one another the sounds overlap; a sound which is acoustically perceived as coming after another one can be articulated simultaneously with the latter or even in part before it.

Speech sounds cannot be understood, delimited, classified and explained except in the light of the tasks which they perform in language.

Remember that the pharynx is at a crossroads from which leads off, at the top, the passage to the mouth cavity and the passage to the nasal cavity, and below, the passage to the larynx.

A new era in the physiological investigation of linguistic sounds was opened up by X-ray photography.

The task is to investigate speech sounds in relation to the meanings with which they are invested, i.e., sounds viewed as signifiers, and above all to throw light on the structure of the relation between sounds and meaning.

Of course, we have known for a long time that a word, like any verbal sign, is a unity of two components.

From a strictly articulatory point of view there is no succession of sounds.

Now the identification of individual sounds by phonetic observation is an artificial way of proceeding.

When I speak it is in order to be heard.

Semantics, or the study of meaning, remained undeveloped, while phonetics made rapid progress and even came to occupy the central place in the scientific study of language.

Linguistic sounds, considered as external, physical phenomena have two aspects, the motor and the acoustic.

The search for the symbolic value of phonemes, each taken as a whole, runs the risk of giving rise to ambiguous and trivial interpretations because phonemes are complex entities, bundles of different distinctive features.

At first acoustics attributed to the different sounds only a limited number of characteristic features.